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Article processing charge

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An article processing charge (APC), also known as a publication fee, is a fee which is sometimes charged to authors. Most commonly, it is involved in making an academic work available as <a href="Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> (OA), in either a full <a href="Open_access_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access journal">OA journal</a> or in a <a href="Hybrid_open_access_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid open access journal">hybrid journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-solomon-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> This fee may be paid by the author, the author's institution, or their research funder.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

Sometimes, publication fees are also involved in traditional journals or for <a href="Paywall" title="Paywall">paywalled</a> content.<a href="#cite_note-AJE-5">[5]</a>

Some publishers waive the fee in cases of hardship or geographic location, but this is not a widespread practice.<a href="#cite_note-PLOS-6">[6]</a> An article processing charge does not guarantee that the author retains copyright to the work, or that it will be made available under a <a href="Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons license</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

Journals use a variety of ways to generate the income required to cover publishing costs (including editorial costs, any costs of administering the peer review system), such as subsidies from institutions<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and <a href="Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscriptions</a>. A majority of open access journals do not charge article processing charges,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> but a significant and growing number of them do.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> They are the most common funding method for professionally published open access articles.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

APC fees applied to academic research are usually expensive, effectively limiting open access publishing to wealthier institutions, scholars, and students.

The APC model of open access, among other controversies, is part of the wider and increasingly global Open Access OA's ethics debate.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

Most journals do not charge APCs. The global average per-journal APC is <a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1,626, its recent increase indicating "that authors choose to publish in more expensive journals".<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

A 2019 analysis has shown 75% of European spending on scientific journals goes to "big five" publishers (<a href="Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>, <a href="Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>, <a href="Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>, <a href="Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a> and the <a href="American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society (ACS)</a>). Together they accounted for 56% of articles published.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_publishing_fees">Other publishing fees</h2></div>

Author fees or page charges have existed since at least the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Scheiding2009-14">[14]</a> Different academic publishers have widely varying levels of fees, from under $100 to over $5000, and even sometimes as high as €9500 ($10851) for the journal <a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-solomon-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Meanwhile, an independent study indicated that the actual costs of efficiently publishing a scholarly article should be in the region of €200–€1000.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> High fees are sometimes charged by traditional publishers in order to publish in a <a href="Hybrid_open_access_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid open access journal">hybrid open access journal</a>, which make an individual article in a subscription journal open access. The average APC for hybrid journals has been calculated to be almost twice as high as APCs from full open access publishers.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Journals with high <a href="Impact_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact factors">impact factors</a> from major publishers tend to have the highest APCs.<a href="#cite_note-solomon-1">[1]</a>

Open access articles often have a surcharge compared to closed-access or paywalled content; for example, the <a href="Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a> charges $1590–$4215 per article (depending on length) for closed-access, with a surcharge of $1700–$2200 for open-access (depending on licence).<a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20">[20]</a> Similarly, <a href="American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">AGU</a>'s <a href="Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a> charges $1000 for closed-access and $3500 for open-access.<a href="#cite_note-AGU-21">[21]</a>

Even when publishers do not charge standard fees, excess or overlength fees might still apply after a certain number of pages or publication units is exceeded;<a href="#cite_note-AGU-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-22">[22]</a> additional color fees might apply for figures,<a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20">[20]</a> primarily for print journals that are not online-only.

While publication charges occur upon article acceptance, article submission fees are charged prior to the start of <a href="Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">peer review</a>; they are common among journals in some fields, e.g., finance and economics.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

Page charge may refer to either publication or submission fees.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_of_research_articles">Cost of research articles</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cost_to_scientists_and_funding_bodies">Cost to scientists and funding bodies</h4></div>

Article processing charges shift the burden of payment from readers to authors (or their funders), which creates a new set of concerns.<a href="#cite_note-Socha-24">[24]</a> One concern is that if a publisher makes a profit from accepting papers, it has an incentive to accept anything submitted, rather than selecting and rejecting articles based on quality. This could be remedied, however, by charging for the peer-review rather than acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Another concern is that institutional budgets may need to be adjusted in order to provide funding for the article processing charges required to publish in many open access journals (e.g. those published by <a href="BioMed_Central" title="BioMed Central">BioMed Central</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>). It has been argued that this may reduce the ability to publish research results due to lack of sufficient funds, leading to some research not becoming a part of the public record.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

Another concern is the redirection of money by major funding agencies such as the National Institutes of Health and the <a href="Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a> from the direct support of research to the support of open access publication. Robert Terry, Senior Policy Advisor at the Wellcome Trust, has said that he feels that 1–2% of their research budget will change from the creation of knowledge to the dissemination of knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

Research institutions could cover the cost of open access by converting to an open access journal cost-recovery model, with the institutions' annual tool access subscription savings being available to cover annual open access publication costs.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> A 2017 study by the <a href="Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a> estimates the annual turnovers of academic publishers amount to approximately €7.6 billion. It is argued that this money comes predominantly from publicly funded scientific libraries as they purchase subscriptions or licenses in order to provide access to scientific journals for their members. The study was presented by the Max Planck Digital Library and found that subscription budgets would be sufficient to fund the open access publication charges, but does not address how unaffiliated authors or authors from institutions without funds will contribute to the scholarly record.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Planck_Gesellschaft-30">[30]</a>

Publishers' high operating profit margins, often on publicly funded research works, and their <a href="Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">copyright practices</a> have subjected them to criticism by researchers. For example, a Guardian article informed that in 2010, Elsevier's scientific publishing arm reported profits of £724m on just over £2bn in revenue. It was a 36% margin – higher than Apple, Google, or Amazon posted that year.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unequal_access_to_publishing">Unequal access to publishing</h4></div>

Unless discounts are available to authors from countries with low incomes, or external funding is provided to cover the cost, article processing charges can exclude authors from developing countries or less-funded research fields from publishing.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Some publishers justify part of the article processing charge by attributing it to the cost of producing print material when in reality they publish digital-only issues.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Under the traditional model, the prohibitive costs of some non-open access journal subscriptions already place a heavy burden on the research community.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Many open access publishers do offer discounts or publishing fee waivers to authors from developing countries or those suffering financial hardship.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

For these reasons, some funding bodies simply will not pay the extra fees for open access publishing: the European Union scientific research initiative <a href="Horizon_Europe" title="Horizon Europe">Horizon Europe</a> does not cover the APCs for articles in <a href="Hybrid_open-access_journal" title="Hybrid open-access journal">hybrid open-access journals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diamond_open_access_model">Diamond open access model</h3></div>

<a href="Diamond_open_access" title="Diamond open access">Diamond open access</a> is a term used to describe journals that have no article processing charges, and make articles available to read without restrictions. In 2020, diamond OA journals comprised 69% of the journals in the <a href="Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a>, but published only 35% of the articles.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 2021, it was estimated that 17,000 to 29,000 diamond OA journals published 8–9% of all scholarly journal articles and 45% of open access articles.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Nearly all Latin American OA journals use the diamond model, whereas a little over half of African and Western European OA journals are diamond OA.<a href="#cite_note-Frantsvåg-39">[39]</a> However, the percentage of diamond OA articles covered in <a href="Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> and <a href="Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> for the same year was below 1%, suggesting that "Scopus- or Web of Science-based (data) are skewed towards toll access and article processing charges-based publishing, as Diamond journals are underrepresented in (these databases)".<a href="#cite_note-Frantsvåg-39">[39]</a> The same study also found that diamond OA articles comprised 81% of all OA articles in Humanities, but only 30% in Medicine and Sciences.

<ul><li><a href="Copyright_transfer_agreement" title="Copyright transfer agreement">Copyright transfer agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">Royalty-free</a></li>

<li><a href="Royalty_payment" title="Royalty payment">Royalty payment</a></li>

<li><a href="Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">Predatory publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="Stevan_Harnad" title="Stevan Harnad">Harnad, S.</a> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july10/harnad/07harnad.html">No-Fault Peer Review Charges: The Price of Selectivity Need Not Be Access Denied or Delayed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501123717/http://dlib.org/dlib/july10/harnad/07harnad.html">Archived</a> 2011-05-01 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. D-Lib Magazine 16 (7/8)

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<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126143503/http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/authors/apcfaq#why">"Article-processing charges FAQ"</a>. BioMed Central. 1970-01-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/authors/apcfaq#why">the original</a> on 2011-11-26. Retrieved 2014-01-01.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Eftekhari, A (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.criticpen.com/article/open-access-dream-m4zh">Open Access Dream</a>. Critic Pen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505174602/http://research.criticpen.com/article/open-access-dream-m4zh">Archived</a> May 5, 2013, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821073435/http://www.biomedcentral.com/openaccess/archive/?page=features&issue=18">"Interview – Wellcome support for Open Access"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/openaccess/archive/?page=features&issue=18">the original</a> on August 21, 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2011.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="Stevan_Harnad" title="Stevan Harnad">Harnad, S</a> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/265753/1/greenroad.html">"The Green Road to Open Access: A Leveraged Transition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123021048/http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/265753/1/greenroad.html">Archived</a> 2017-01-23 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: Anna Gacs. The Culture of Periodicals from the Perspective of the Electronic Age. L'Harmattan. 99–106. Retrieved 2012-11-19.

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<li id="cite_note-Max_Planck_Gesellschaft-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Max_Planck_Gesellschaft_30-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpg.de/9202262/area-wide-transition-open-access">"Area-wide transition to open access is possible: A new study calculates a redeployment of funds in Open Access"</a>. www.mpg.de/en. Max Planck Gesellschaft. 27 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616161356/https://www.mpg.de/9202262/area-wide-transition-open-access">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-12.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jun/27/profitable-business-scientific-publishing-bad-for-science">"Is the staggeringly profitable business of scientific publishing bad for science?"</a>. the Guardian. 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2022-03-07.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJainIyengarVaishya2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jain, Vijay Kumar; Iyengar, Karthikeyan. P.; Vaishya, Raju (2021-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7919939">"Article processing charge may be a barrier to publishing"</a>. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 14: 14–16. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcot.2020.10.039">10.1016/j.jcot.2020.10.039</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0976-5662">0976-5662</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7919939">7919939</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33680812">33680812</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAngler2023" class="citation web cs1">Angler, Martin W. (2023-07-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurac.edu/en/blogs/connecting-the-dots/sarahanne-field-wants-to-put-the-open-back-into-open-science">"Sarahanne Field Wants To Put the Open Back Into Open Science"</a>. Eurac Research Science Blogs. Retrieved 2023-07-11.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHarnad2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Stevan_Harnad" title="Stevan Harnad">Harnad, S.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/271818/1/logospaper.pdf">"Gold Open Access Publishing Must Not Be Allowed to Retard the Progress of Green Open Access Self-Archiving"</a> (PDF). Logos. 21 (3–4): 86–93. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F095796511x559972">10.1163/095796511x559972</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Corrado, E. (Spring 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istl.org/05-spring/article2.html">The importance of Open Access, Open Source, and Open Standards for libraries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216144534/http://www.istl.org/05-spring/article2.html">Archived</a> 2011-12-16 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship.

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<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMasnou2018" class="citation web cs1">Masnou, Anna May (2018-06-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icmab.es/horizon-europe-will-not-reimburse-publication-fees-for-hybrid-open-access">"Horizon Europe will not reimburse publication fees for hybrid open-access"</a>. Institut de ciència de materials de Barcelona. Retrieved 2022-04-06.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Crawford, W. Gold Open Access 2015–2020 Articles in Journals (GOA6); Cites & Insights Books: Livermore, CA, USA, 2021; p. 245

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<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Ancion, Z., Borrell-Damián, L., Mounier, P. et al., ACTION PLAN FOR DIAMOND OPEN ACCESS MARCH 2022, (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6282402">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6282402</a>

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<li id="cite_note-Frantsvåg-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frantsvåg_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frantsvåg_39-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFFrantsvåg2022" class="citation journal cs1">Frantsvåg, Jan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpublications10010013">"Diamond Open Access in Norway 2017–2020"</a>. Publications. 10: 13. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpublications10010013">10.3390/publications10010013</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10037%2F24974">10037/24974</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>University of California Libraries (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.library.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ICIS-UC-Pay-It-Forward-Project-Final-Report.pdf">Pay It Forward: Investigating a Sustainable Model of Open Access Article Processing Charges for Large North American Research Institutions</a>. Mellon Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408140450/https://www.library.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ICIS-UC-Pay-It-Forward-Project-Final-Report.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-04-08 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Kiley2013" class="citation web cs1">Robert Kiley (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082113/http://www.researchinfonet.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Wellcome-survey-of-colour-and-page-charges-v-02.pdf">"Colour and page charges: results of a brief survey"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchinfonet.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Wellcome-survey-of-colour-and-page-charges-v-02.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-07-17.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCurbAbramson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Curb, L. A.; Abramson, C.I. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2466%2F01.17.CP.1.4">"An examination of author-paid charges in science journals"</a>. Comprehensive Psychology. 1: 4. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2466%2F01.17.CP.1.4">10.2466/01.17.CP.1.4</a>.</cite></li>

<li>Guy, M., Holl, A. (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.44318">Article Processing Charges</a>. Briefing Paper, PASTEUR4OA project</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openapc.net">OpenAPC: open database of APC</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Open_access383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_open_access" title="History of open access">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_open-access_movement" title="Timeline of the open-access movement">Timeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li>

<li><a href="Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">Subscription business model</a></li>

<li><a href="Subscribe_to_Open" title="Subscribe to Open">Subscribe to Open</a></li>

<li><a href="Paywall" title="Paywall">Paywall</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_transfer_agreement" title="Copyright transfer agreement">Copyright transfer agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a></li>

<li><a href="Manuscript_(publishing)" title="Manuscript (publishing)">Manuscript</a></li>

<li><a href="Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">Predatory publishing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration</a></li>

<li><a href="Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" title="Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">Bethesda Statement</a></li>

<li><a href="Durham_Statement_on_Open_Access_to_Legal_Scholarship" title="Durham Statement on Open Access to Legal Scholarship">Durham Statement</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_Declaration_on_the_Future_of_the_World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization">Geneva Declaration</a></li>

<li><a href="NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Research_Works_Act" title="Research Works Act">Research Works Act</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">Self-archiving</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-access_mandate" title="Open-access mandate">Open-access mandate</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-access_repository" title="Open-access repository">Open-access repository</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_open-access_journal" title="Hybrid open-access journal">Hybrid open-access journal</a></li>

<li><a href="Delayed_open-access_journal" title="Delayed open-access journal">Delayed open-access journal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_Cost_of_Knowledge" title="The Cost of Knowledge">The Cost of Knowledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li>

<li><a href="Directory_of_Open_Access_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory of Open Access Books">Directory of Open Access Books</a></li>

<li><a href="Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a></li>

<li><a href="Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">Initiative for Open Citations</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishing_Association" title="Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association">Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAIRE">OpenAIRE</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Archives_Initiative" title="Open Archives Initiative">Open Archives Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_Knowledge_Project" title="Public Knowledge Project">Public Knowledge Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" title="Registry of Open Access Repositories">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="SciELO" title="SciELO">SciELO</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Open_access_in_Australia" title="Open access in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Austria" title="Open access in Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Belgium" title="Open access in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Canada" title="Open access in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Denmark" title="Open access in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_France" title="Open access in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Germany" title="Open access in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Greece" title="Open access in Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Hungary" title="Open access in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_India" title="Open access in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Open access in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Italy" title="Open access in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_the_Netherlands" title="Open access in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_New_Zealand" title="Open access in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Norway" title="Open access in Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Poland" title="Open access in Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Portugal" title="Open access in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_South_Africa" title="Open access in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Spain" title="Open access in Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Sweden" title="Open access in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Ukraine" title="Open access in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Access2Research" title="Access2Research">Access2Research</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">List of open-access journals</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open hardware</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source-software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source-software movement">Open source</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-09" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Article_processing_charge&oldid=1294666246">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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